321 simbi isina tsvina yakamonerwa chubhu kemikari Mechanical zvimiro uye corrosion maitiro e duplex Stainless simbi weld ine electrode nyowani.

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Stainless Simbi 321 Coil Tube Chemical Kuumbwa

Iko kemikari ye321 simbi isina tsvina coil tubing ndeiyi inotevera:
- Carbon: 0.08% max
- Manganese: 2.00% max
Nickel: 9.00% min

Stainless Simbi 321 Coil Tube Mechanical Properties

Zvinoenderana neStainless Steel 321 Coil Tube Manufacturer, iyo mechaniki yesimbi isina tsvina 321 coil tubing yakanyorwa pazasi: Tensile Simba (psi) Goho Simba (psi) Elongation (%).

Zvishandiso & Mashandisiro eStainless Simbi 321 Coil Tube

Mune akawanda einjiniya maapplication, iyo mechanic uye corrosion zvimiro zve duplex Stainless simbi (DSS) welded zvimiro ndizvo zvakanyanya kukosha zvinhu.Chidzidzo chazvino chakaongorora zvimiro zvemuchina uye kuramba kwecorrosion ye duplex simbi isina tsvina welds munzvimbo inofananidzira 3.5% NaCl vachishandisa yakanyatso gadzirwa electrode pasina kuwedzera kwealloying zvinhu kune flux samples.Mhando mbiri dzakasiyana dzekuyerera dzine basic index ye2.40 uye 0.40 dzakashandiswa pamaelectrodes E1 uye E2 yewelding DSS mabhodhi, zvichiteerana.Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwezvinyorwa zvinoyerera zvakaongororwa uchishandisa thermogravimetric analysis.Kuumbwa kwekemikari pamwe chete nemakanika uye corrosion zvimiro zvemajoini akaiswa akaongororwa pachishandiswa emission spectroscopy zvichienderana neakasiyana ASTM zviyero.X-ray diffraction inoshandiswa kuona zvikamu zviripo muDSS welds, uye scanning electron neEDS inoshandiswa kuongorora microstructure yemawelds.Kusimba kwekusimba kwemajoini akasungwa akagadzirwa neE1 electrode aive mukati me715-732 MPa, neE2 electrodes - 606-687 MPa.Ikozvino welding yakawedzerwa kubva pa90 A kusvika 110 A, uye kuoma kwakawedzerwawo.Welded majoini ane E1 maelectrode akaputirwa neakakosha fluxes ane zvirinani zvemuchina.Iyo simbi chimiro chine yakakwirira corrosion kuramba mune 3.5% NaCl nharaunda.Izvi zvinosimbisa kushanda kwemajoini akasungwa akagadzirwa nemagetsi achangogadzirwa.Mhedzisiro yacho inokurukurwa maererano nekuderera kwealloying zvinhu zvakadai seCr uye Mo zvakacherechedzwa mumawelds ane coated electrodes E1 uye E2, uye kuburitswa kweCr2N mumawelds akaitwa uchishandisa electrode E1 uye E2.
Nhoroondo, iyo yekutanga kutaurwa nezve duplex Stainless simbi (DSS) yakatanga muna 1927, payaishandiswa chete kune mamwe ma castings uye haina kushandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekushandisa nekuda kwekukwira kwayo kabhoni1.Asi zvakazoitika, iyo yakajairwa kabhoni yemukati yakaderedzwa kusvika pakukosha kwe0.03%, uye masimbi aya akazoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana2,3.DSS imhuri yealloys ine akaenzana akaenzana eferrite uye austenite.Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti chikamu cheferritic muDSS chinopa dziviriro yakanakisa kubva kune chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC), yaive nyaya yakakosha kune austenitic stainless steels (ASS) muzana ramakore rechi20.Kune rimwe divi, mune mamwe mainjiniya nemamwe maindasitiri4 kudiwa kwekuchengetedza kuri kukura pamwero unosvika makumi maviri muzana pagore.Iyi simbi itsva ine maviri-phase austenitic-ferritic chimiro inogona kuwanikwa nekwakakodzera kuumbwa sarudzo, yemuviri-kemikari uye thermomechanical kunatsa.Zvichienzaniswa ne-single-phase Stainless simbi, DSS ine goho repamusoro simba uye kugona kwepamusoro kutsungirira SCC5, 6, 7, 8. Iyo duplex chimiro inopa simbi idzi simba risingaenzaniswi, kusimba uye kuwedzera kusimba kusimba munzvimbo dzine hutsinye dzine acid, acid chlorides, mvura yegungwa nemishonga inoparadza9.Nekuda kwekuchinja kwemutengo wepagore we nickel (Ni) alloys mumusika wepasirese, iyo DSS chimiro, kunyanya yakaderera nickel mhando (yakaonda DSS), yakawana zvakawanda zvakatanhamara zvakabudirira zvichienzaniswa neface centered cubic (FCC) iron10, 11. Iyo huru dambudziko remagadzirirwo eASE nderekuti vari pasi pemamiriro akasiyana akaomarara.Naizvozvo, akasiyana mainjiniya madhipatimendi uye makambani vari kuedza kusimudzira imwe yakaderera nickel (Ni) Stainless simbi dzinoita uyewo kana nani pane yechinyakare ASS ane akakodzera weldability uye anoshandiswa mumaindasitiri mafomu akadai mvura yegungwa kupisa exchangers uye makemikari indasitiri.mudziyo 13 wenzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemakloridi.
Mukufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano, kugadzirwa kwe welded kunoita basa rakakosha.Kazhinji, nhengo dzeDSS dzakabatanidzwa dzakabatanidzwa negasi rakadzivirirwa arc welding kana gasi rakadzivirirwa arc welding.Iyo weld inonyanya kukanganiswa nekuumbwa kweiyo electrode inoshandiswa pakushongedza.Welding electrodes ine zvikamu zviviri: simbi uye flux.Kazhinji, ma electrode akaputirwa nekuyerera, musanganiswa wesimbi iyo, kana yakaora, inoburitsa magasi uye inogadzira slag inodzivirira kudzivirira weld kubva pakusvibiswa, kuwedzera kugadzikana kwearc, uye kuwedzera alloying chikamu kuvandudza kunaka kwewelding14. .Kandira simbi, aruminiyamu, simbi isina tsvina, simbi yakapfava, simbi yakasimba, mhangura, ndarira, uye bhuronzi mamwe emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, nepo cellulose, iron poda, uye hydrogen zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoyerera zvinoshandiswa.Dzimwe nguva sodium, titanium uye potasium inowedzerwawo kumusanganiswa weflux.
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaedza kuongorora mhedzisiro ye electrode kumisikidzwa pane mechanical uye corrosion kutendeseka kwe welded simbi zvivakwa.Singh et al.15 yakaongorora mhedzisiro ye flux kuumbwa pakurebesa uye kusimba kwesimba rewelds akaiswa pasi pemvura arc welding.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti CaF2 neNiO ndizvo zvinotaridza kusimba kwesimba zvichienzaniswa nekuvapo kweFeMn.Chirag et al.16 vakaongorora maSMAW compounds kuburikidza nekusiyana-siyana kwehuwandu hwe rutile (TiO2) mumusanganiswa we electrode flux.Yakawanikwa kuti zvinhu zve microhardness zvakawedzera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu uye kutama kwekabhoni nesilicon.Kumar [17] akadzidza dhizaini uye kusimudzira kweagglomerated fluxes yekunyudza arc welding yemashizha esimbi.Nwigbo naAtuanya18 vakaongorora kushandiswa kwe potassium-rich sodium silicate binders pakugadzirwa kwearc welding fluxes uye vakawana welds ane simba guru re 430 MPa uye chimiro chezviyo chinogamuchirwa.Lothongkum et al.19 vakashandisa nzira ye potentiokinetic yekudzidza chikamu chevhoriyamu ye austenite mu duplex simbi isina tsvina 28Cr-7Ni-O-0.34N mumhepo-yakazara NaCl mhinduro pahuwandu hwe3.5% wt.pasi pe pH mamiriro.uye 27°C.Dzese duplex uye micro duplex stainless simbi dzinoratidza zvakafanana mhedzisiro yenitrogen pane corrosion maitiro.Nitrogen haina kukanganisa kukwanisa kwekuora kana chiyero pa pH 7 uye 10, zvisinei, simba rekuora pa pH 10 rakanga rakaderera pane pH 7. Kune rumwe rutivi, pamazinga ose epH akadzidzwa, simba rakatanga kuwedzera nekuwedzera nitrogen content. .Lacerda et al.20 yakadzidza pitting ye duplex Stainless steels UNS S31803 uye UNS S32304 mu 3.5% NaCl mhinduro vachishandisa cyclic potentiodynamic polarization.Mune 3.5 wt.% mhinduro yeNaCl, zviratidzo zvegomba zvakawanikwa pamahwendefa maviri esimbi akaongororwa.UNS S31803 simbi ine yakakwira ngura inogona (Ecorr), gomba rinogona (Epit) uye polarization resistance (Rp) kupfuura UNS S32304 simbi.UNS S31803 simbi ine yakakwirira repassivity kupfuura UNS S32304 simbi.Maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa naJiang et al.[21], iyo reactivation peak inoenderana nekaviri chikamu (austenite uye ferrite phase) ye duplex Stainless simbi inosanganisira kusvika ku65% yekuumbwa kweferrite, uye ferrite reactivation ikozvino density inowedzera nekuwedzera kupisa kupisa nguva.Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti austenitic uye ferritic phases inoratidza akasiyana electrochemical reactions pane akasiyana electrochemical potentials21,22,23,24.Abdo et al.25 vakashandisa potentiodynamic zviyero zvepolarization spectroscopy uye electrochemical impedance spectroscopy kuti vadzidze electrochemically induced corrosion ye laser-welded 2205 DSS alloy mumvura yegungwa yakagadzirwa (3.5% NaCl) pasi pemamiriro ekusiyana kweasidhi uye alkalinity.Pitting corrosion yakaonekwa panzvimbo dzakafumurwa dzezvakaedzwa DSS sampuli.Kubva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, zvakaonekwa kuti kune hukama hwakaenzana pakati pepH yepakati yekunyungudika uye kuramba kwefirimu yakaumbwa mukugadzirisa kutengesa kwekutengesa, iyo inokanganisa zvakananga kuumbwa kwegomba uye kutsanangurwa kwayo.Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekunzwisisa kuti ichangobva kugadzirwa welding electrode kuumbwa inokanganisa sei mechanical uye kupfeka-resistant kuvimbika kwe welded DSS 2205 munzvimbo ye3.5% NaCl.
Iyo flux minerals (ingredients) yakashandiswa mukugadzira electrode coating formulations yaive Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) kubva kuObajana District, Kogi State, Nigeria, Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) kubva kuTaraba State, Nigeria, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Talc Powder (Mg3Si4O10 (OH). ) )2) uye rutile (TiO2) yakawanikwa kubva kuJos, Nigeria, uye kaolin (Al2 (OH) 4Si2O5) yakawanikwa kubva kuKankara, Katsina State, Nigeria.Potassium silicate inoshandiswa sebhainda, inowanikwa kubva kuIndia.
Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhurari 1, maokisidhendi akayerwa akazvimirira pachiyero chedhijitari.Yakazosanganiswa ne potassium silicate binder (23% nekurema) mumusanganisi wemagetsi (model: 641-048) kubva kuIndia Steel uye Wire Products Ltd. (ISWP) kwemaminetsi makumi matatu kuti uwane homogeneous semi-solid paste.Iyo yemvura yakasanganiswa flux inotsikirirwa kuita cylindrical chimiro kubva pamushini webriquetting uye inodyirwa mukamuri yeextrusion pakumanikidzwa kwe80 kusvika 100 kg/cm2, uye kubva mukamuri yekudyisa waya inopihwa mu3.15mm dhayamita stainless waya extruder.Iyo flux inodyiswa kuburikidza nenozzle / kufa system uye inobaiwa muextruder kuti ibudise maelectrodes.Chifukidziro che 1.70 mm chakawanikwa, apo chifukidziro chinotsanangurwa seyero ye electrode dhayamita kusvika kune tambo dhayamita.Zvadaro ma electrode akavharidzirwa akaomeswa mumhepo kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana uye akazoverengerwa muchoto chemuffle (model PH-248-0571/5448) pa 150-250 ° C \ (-\) kwemaawa maviri.Shandisa equation kuverenga alkalinity yekuyerera.(1) 26;
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwemasampuri emhando dzeE1 uye E2 kwakatemwa uchishandisa thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).Muenzaniso weinenge 25.33 mg ye flux yakaiswa muTGA kuti iongororwe.Izvo zviedzo zvakaitwa mune inert medium yakawanikwa nekuenderera kuyerera kweN2 pamwero we60 ml / min.Muenzaniso wacho wakapisa kubva ku30 ° C kusvika ku1000 ° C pamwero wekupisa we10 ° C / min.Kutevera nzira dzakataurwa naWang et al.27, Xu et al.28 uye Dagwa et al.29, kuparara kwemafuta uye kuora kurasikirwa kwemasampuli pane mamwe kutonhora kwakaongororwa kubva kuTGA zvirongwa.
Gadzira maviri 300 x 60 x 6 mm DSS mahwendefa kugadzirira kutengeswa.Iyo V-groove yakagadzirwa ine 3mm midzi gap, 2mm midzi gole uye 60 ° groove angle.Mundiro wacho wakabva wasukurudzwa neacetone kubvisa zvingango svibisa.Sonesa mahwendefa uchishandisa shielded metal arc welder (SMAW) ine yakananga ikozvino electrode positive polarity (DCEP) uchishandisa coated electrodes (E1 uye E2) uye referensi electrode (C) ine dhayamita 3.15 mm.Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) (Muenzaniso: Excetek-V400) yakashandiswa muchina welded simbi zvienzaniso zvekuyedzwa kwemichina uye maitiro ekuora.Tafura 2 inoratidza muenzaniso kodhi uye tsananguro, uye Tafura 3 inoratidza akasiyana-siyana welding anoshanda paramita anoshandiswa kugadzira iyo DSS board.Equation (2) inoshandiswa kuverenga inopindirana yekupisa kupisa.
Uchishandisa Bruker Q8 MAGELLAN optical emission spectrometer (OES) ine wavelength ye110 kusvika 800 nm uye SQL database software, kemikari yemajoini e weld emagetsi E1, E2 uye C, pamwe nemasampuli esimbi yepasi, yakatemwa.inoshandisa mukaha uripo pakati pe electrode nesimbi sampuli pasi pekuyedzwa Inoburitsa simba remagetsi muchimiro chepfundepfunde.Mucherechedzo wezvikamu unopfekwa uye wakapfapfaidzwa, uchiteverwa neatomic excitation, iyo inozoburitsa iyo chaiyo mutsara spectrum31.Kuongororwa kwemhando yemuenzaniso, iyo photomultiplier chubhu inoyera kuvepo kweiyo yakatsaurirwa spectrum yechinhu chimwe nechimwe, pamwe nekusimba kweiyo spectrum.Wobva washandisa iyo equation kuverenga iyo yakaenzana pitting resistance number (PREN).(3) Ratio 32 uye WRC 1992 dhiyagiramu yenyika inoshandiswa kuverenga chromium uye nickel akaenzana (Creq naNieq) kubva muequations.(4) uye (5) ari 33 uye 34 zvakatevedzana;
Cherechedza kuti PREN inongofunga nezvehutano hwakanaka hwezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru Cr, Mo uye N, nepo nitrogen factor x iri muhuwandu hwe16-30.Kazhinji, x inosarudzwa kubva pakurongwa kwe16, 20, kana 30. Mukutsvakurudza pamusoro pe duplex stainless steels, kukosha kwepakati kwe20 kunonyanya kushandiswa kuverenga PREN35,36 maitiro.
Majoini akasungwa akagadzirwa nemagetsi akasiyana akaedzwa pamushini wepasi rose wekuyedza (Instron 8800 UTM) pamwero we 0.5 mm/min maererano neASTM E8-21.Tensile simba (UTS), 0.2% shear goho simba (YS), uye elongation zvakaverengerwa maererano neASTM E8-2137.
DSS 2205 weldments yaive yekutanga pasi uye yakakwenenzverwa vachishandisa masaizi akasiyana egrit (120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 uye 1200) kusati kwaitwa kuongororwa kwekuoma.Welded specimens zvakaitwa ne electrode E1, E2 uye C. Kuoma kunopimwa pagumi (10) points kubva pakati pe weld kusvika kubhesi simbi ine nguva ye 1 mm.
X-ray diffractometer (D8 Discover, Bruker, Germany) yakagadziridzwa neBruker XRD Commander software yekuunganidza data uye Fe-filtered Cu-K-α mwaranzi ine simba re8.04 keV inoenderana newavelength ye1.5406 Å uye scan rate ye3 ° Scan range (2θ) min-1 is 38 to 103° for phase analysis with E1, E2 and C and BM electrodes aripo muDSS welds.Nzira yekunatsiridza yeRietveld yakashandiswa kuratidza zvikamu zvinoumbwa uchishandisa MAUD software inotsanangurwa naLutterotti39.Zvichienderana neASTM E1245-03, chiyero chemetallographic ongororo yemicroscopic mifananidzo ye weld majoini emagetsi E1, E2 uye C akaitwa uchishandisa Image J40 software.Mhedzisiro yekuverenga chikamu chevhoriyamu chechikamu cheferrite-austenitic, kukosha kwavo kwepakati uye kutsauka kunopihwa muTafura.5. Sezvinoratidzwa mumuenzaniso wekugadzirisa mufig.6d, optical microscopy (OM) kuongororwa kwakaitwa paPM uye majoini akasungwa ane electrode E1 uye E2 kudzidza morphology yemasampuli.Samples dzakakwenenzverwa ne120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, uye 2000 grit silicon carbide (SiC) sandpaper.Samples dzakazoiswa electrolytically mu 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution pakamuri tembiricha pavoltige ye5 V kwema 10 s ndokuiswa pa LEICA DM 2500 M optical maikorosikopu ye morphological characterization.Kuwedzera kukwenenzverwa kwesample kwakaitwa pachishandiswa 2500 grit silicon carbide (SiC) bepa reSEM-BSE ongororo.Pamusoro pezvo, majoini akasungwa akaongororwa kuti ane microstructure achishandisa ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI NOVA NANOSEM 430, USA) ine EMF.Sample ye20 × 10 × 6 mm yakagadzikwa pachishandiswa maSiC sandpaper akasiyana-siyana kubva pa120 kusvika 2500. Iwo masampuli akaiswa electrolytically mu 40 g yeNaOH uye 100 ml yemvura yakasvibiswa pavoltage ye5 V kwe15 s, uyezve. yakaiswa pane sampuli inobata, iri muSEM chamber, yekuongorora samples mushure mekuchenesa kamuri nenitrogen.Erekitironi danda rinogadzirwa neanopisa tungsten filament rinogadzira grating pane sampuli kuti ibudise mifananidzo pakukurisa kwakasiyana, uye mhedzisiro yeEMF yakawanikwa uchishandisa nzira dzeRoche et al.41 uye Mokobi 42.
Nzira ye electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization maererano neASTM G59-9743 uye ASTM G5-1444 yakashandiswa kuongorora kukanganisa kweDSS 2205 plates welded neE1, E2 uye C electrodes munzvimbo ye3.5% NaCl.Electrochemical tests yakaitwa pachishandiswa kombiyuta-inodzorwa Potentiostat-Galvanostat/ZRA apparatus (model: PC4/750, Gamry Instruments, USA).Kuyedzwa kweElectrochemical kwakaitwa patatu-electrode test setup: DSS 2205 seye electrode inoshanda, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) sereferensi electrode uye graphite tsvimbo seyakabata electrode.Zviyero zvacho zvakaitwa pachishandiswa electrochemical cell, umo nzvimbo yechiito chemhinduro yaive nzvimbo yekushanda electrode 0.78 cm2.Zviyero zvakaitwa pakati pe -1.0 V kusvika + 1.6 V zvingave pane pre-stabilized OCP (inoenderana neOCP) pachiyero che 1.0 mV / s.
Electrochemical pitting yakakosha tembiricha bvunzo yakaitwa mu3.5% NaCl kuti iongorore pitting kuramba kwema welds akagadzirwa neE1, E2, uye C electrodes.zvakajeka pamusoro pekugona kwegomba muPB (pakati penzvimbo dzepasi uye dzinopfuura), uye welded specimens neE1, E2, Electrodes C. Nokudaro, zviyero zveCPT zvinogadzirwa kuti zvinyatsoona kukwanisa kwegomba rekushandisa welding.Kuongororwa kweCPT kwakaitwa maererano ne duplex Stainless steel weld report45 uye ASTM G150-1846.Kubva pane imwe neimwe yesimbi inosungirirwa (S-110A, E1-110A, E2-90A), masampuli ane nzvimbo ye1 cm2 akachekwa, kusanganisira base, weld, uye HAZ nzvimbo.Iwo masampuli akakwenenzverwa achishandisa sandpaper uye 1 µm alumina poda slurry zvinoenderana neyakajairwa metallographic sampu yekugadzirira maitiro.Mushure mekupenya, masampuli akacheneswa muacetone kwemaminetsi maviri.A 3.5% NaCl test solution yakawedzerwa kune CPT test cell uye tembiricha yekutanga yakagadziridzwa kusvika 25 ° C uchishandisa thermostat (Neslab RTE-111).Mushure mokusvika kutonhora kwekutanga kwekuedza kwe25 ° C, Ar gas yakaputirwa kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu, ipapo masampuli akaiswa muchitokisi, uye OCF yakayerwa kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu.Muenzaniso wacho wakabva waiswa polarized nekushandisa voltage ye 0.3 V pane imwe tembiricha yekutanga ye25 ° C, uye ikozvino yakayerwa 10 min45.Tanga kudziyisa mushonga pamwero we1 °C/min kusvika 50 °C.Munguva yekudziya kweyeyedzo mhinduro, tembiricha sensor inoshandiswa kuramba ichitarisa tembiricha yemhinduro uye kuchengetedza nguva uye data yekushisa, uye potentiostat / galvanostat inoshandiswa kuyera ikozvino.A graphite electrode yakashandiswa seye counter electrode, uye zvese zvinogoneka zvakayerwa zvine chekuita neAg/AgCl referensi electrode.Argon purge yakaitwa muyedzo yese.
Pamusoro pemuonde.1 inoratidza kuumbwa (muhuremu hwezana) hwezvikamu zveF1 neF2 zvinoshandiswa kugadzira alkaline (E1) uye acidic (E2) electrodes, zvichiteerana.Iyo flux basicity index inoshandiswa kufanotaura iyo mechanic uye metallurgical zvimiro zvewelded majoini.F1 ndicho chikamu cheiyo flux inoshandiswa kupfekwa neE1 electrodes, inodaidzwa kuti alkaline flux nekuti main index i> 1.2 (kureva 2.40), uye F2 ndiyo inoyerera inoshandiswa kupfekedza E2 electrodes, inonzi acid flux nekuda kwehukuru hwayo. index <0.9 (kureva 2.40).0.40).Zviripachena kuti maelectrodes akaputirwa neakakosha fluxes muzviitiko zvakawanda ane zvirinani zvemichina pane maelectrodes akaputirwa neacidic fluxes.Chimiro ichi ibasa rekutonga kweiyo basic oxide mu flux composition system ye electrode E1.Kusiyana neizvi, kubviswa kwe slag (kuparadzaniswa) uye pasi spatter yakaonekwa mumajoini akaiswa neE2 electrode maitiro emagetsi ane acidic flux coating ine yakakwira yerutile.Kucherekedza uku kunoenderana nezvakawanikwa zveGill47 kuti mhedzisiro yerutile content pane slag detachability uye yakaderera spatter ye acid flux coated electrodes inobatsira kukurumidza kutonhora kwe slag.Kaolin mune inoyerera sisitimu yakashandiswa kupfeka maelectrodes E1 uye E2 yakashandiswa semafuta, uye talc poda yakavandudza extrudability yemagetsi.Potassium silicate binders mune flux masisitimu inobatsira kune zvirinani arc kupisa uye kugadzikana kwekuita, uye, mukuwedzera kune yavo yekunamatira zvimiro, inovandudza slag kupatsanurwa muzvigadzirwa zvakasungwa.Sezvo CaCO3 iri mambure breaker (slag breaker) mukuyerera uye inokonzeresa kuburitsa hutsi hwakawanda panguva yewelding nekuda kwekuora kwemafuta muCaO uye inenge 44% CO2, TiO2 (semuvaki weti / slag yekare) inobatsira kuderedza huwandu. yehutsi panguva yekupisa .welding uye nokudaro kuvandudza slag detachability sezvakakurudzirwa naJing et al.48.Fluorine Flux (CaF2) ikemikari ine hukasha inoyerera inovandudza solder kuchena.Jastrzębska et al.49 yakashuma mhedzisiro yekuumbwa kwefluoride yeiyi flux kuumbwa pane weld hutsanana zvivakwa.Kazhinji, flux inowedzerwa kune weld nzvimbo yekuvandudza arc kugadzikana, kuwedzera alloying zvinhu, kuvaka slag, kuwedzera kugadzirwa, uye kunatsiridza mhando yeweld dziva 50.
Iyo TGA-DTG curves inoratidzwa muFig.2a uye 2b inoratidza kuderera kwehuremu hwematatu-nhatu pakudziya mutembiricha ye30–1000°C mumhepo yenitrogen.Mhedzisiro muFigure 2a uye b inoratidza kuti kune basic uye acidic flux samples, TGA curve inodonha yakananga pasi kusvika yave kuenderana neakisi yetembiricha, yakatenderedza 866.49 ° C uye 849.10 ° C zvichiteerana.Kurasikirwa kwehuremu hwe 1.30% uye 0.81% pakutanga kweTGA curves muFig. 2a uye 2b inokonzerwa nehunyoro hunobatwa nezvikamu zvekuyerera, pamwe nekubuda uye kupera kwemvura pamusoro pemvura.Iyo huru decompositions yemasampuli eiyo huru flux padanho rechipiri uye rechitatu mufig.2a yakaitika munzvimbo dzekushisa 619.45 ° C-766.36 ° C uye 766.36 ° C-866.49 ° C, uye chikamu chekurasikirwa kwavo kwaiva 2.84 uye 9.48%., zvichiteerana.Nepo kune acidic flux samples muFig. 7b, iyo yaive mumhando yekushisa ye 665.23 ° C-745.37 ° C uye 745.37 ° C-849.10 ° C, chikamu chavo chekureruka chaiva 0.81 uye 6.73%, zvichienderana, iyo yainzi i kuora kwekushisa.Sezvo iyo flux zvikamu zvisiri inorganic, iyo inoputika inogumira kumusanganiswa weflux.Naizvozvo, kuderedza uye oxidation kunotyisa.Izvi zvinopindirana nemigumisiro yeBalogun et al.51, Kamli et al.52 uye Adeleke et al.53.Huwandu hwekurasikirwa kukuru kweiyo flux sampuli yakaonekwa mufig.2a uye 2b i13.26% uye 8.43%, zvichiteerana.Kuderera kushoma kurasikirwa kwemasampuli ekuyerera mufig.2b inokonzerwa nekunyunguduka kwepamusoro kweTiO2 uye SiO2 (1843 uye 1710 ° C zvakateerana) semaokisi makuru anoumba musanganiswa weflux54,55, apo TiO2 neSiO2 dzine nzvimbo dzakadzika dzakanyunguduka.melting point Primary oxide: CaCO3 (825 °C) mumuenzaniso wekuyerera mumuonde.2a56.Idzi shanduko munzvimbo yakanyunguduka yeprimary oxides mumisanganiswa inoyerera inonyatsotaurwa naShi et al.54, Ringdalen et al.55 uye Du et al.56.Kucherechedza kuenderera kwekurasikirwa kwehuremu muFig. 2a uye 2b, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti sampuli dzinoyerera dzinoshandiswa muE1 uye E2 electrode coatings dzinopinda danho rimwe rekuparara, sezvakarongwa naBrown57.Iyo tembiricha yemhando yemaitiro inogona kuoneka kubva kune inotorwa macurves (wt%) mufig.2a uye b.Sezvo TGA curve isingakwanise kutsanangura chaiyo tembiricha iyo iyo flux system inopinda chikamu shanduko uye crystallization, iyo TGA inotorwa inoshandiswa kuona chaiyo tembiricha kukosha kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe (chikamu shanduko) senge endothermic peak kugadzirira iyo flux system.
TGA-DTG macurves anoratidza kuora kwekupisa kwe (a) alkaline flux yeE1 electrode coating uye (b) acidic flux yeE2 electrode coating.
Tafura 4 inoratidza mhedzisiro ye spectrophotometric kuongororwa uye SEM-EDS kuongororwa kweDSS 2205 base metal uye welds akaitwa uchishandisa E1, E2 uye C electrodes.E1 uye E2 yakaratidza kuti zviri mukati mechromium (Cr) zvakadzikira zvakanyanya kusvika 18.94 uye 17.04%, uye zvirimo mulybdenum (Mo) yaive 0.06 uye 0.08% zvichiteerana.kukosha kwema welds ane electrode E1 uye E2 akaderera.Izvi zvishoma zvinoenderana neyakaverengerwa PREN kukosha kweiyo ferritic-austenitic chikamu kubva kuSEM-EDS kuongororwa.Nokudaro, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti gomba rinotanga pachikuva nechepasi PREN values ​​​​(welds kubva kuE1 uye E2), kunyanya sezvinotsanangurwa muTebhu 4. Izvi zvinoratidza kuderera uye kunogona kunaya kwe alloy mu weld.Zvadaro, kuderedzwa kwezviri mukati meCr neMo alloying zvinhu mumawelds anogadzirwa achishandisa electrode E1 uye E2 uye yavo yakaderera gomba yakaenzana tsika (PREN) inoratidzwa muTafura 4, izvo zvinogadzira dambudziko rekuchengetedza kuramba munzvimbo dzine hutsinye, kunyanya. munzvimbo dze chloride.-ine nharaunda.Iyo yakakwira nickel (Ni) ye11.14% uye inotenderwa muganhu wemanganese yemukati mune welded majoini eE1 uye E2 electrode inogona kunge yakave nemhedzisiro yakanaka pamagetsi emagetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa mumamiriro ekufananidza mvura yegungwa (Fig. 3) )zvakaitwa uchishandisa basa reYuan uye Oy58 uye Jing et al.48 pamusoro pekuita kwepamusoro nickel uye manganese zvinyorwa pakuvandudza maitiro emagetsi eDSS welded structures pasi pemamiriro akaoma ekushanda.
Tensile bvunzo mhinduro ye (a) UTS uye 0.2% sag YS uye (b) yunifomu uye yakazara elongation nekutsauka kwavo kwakajairwa.
Simba rezvinhu zvehwaro (BM) uye majoini akakwenenzverwa akagadzirwa kubva kumagetsi akagadzirwa (E1 neE2) uye electrode inotengeswa inotengeswa (C) yakaongororwa pamhando mbiri dzakasiyana dze90 A uye 110 A. 3 (a) uye (b) ratidza UTS, YS ine 0.2% offset, pamwe nekurebesa kwavo uye data yakajairwa yekutsauka.Iyo UTS uye YS offset mhedzisiro ye0.2% yakawanikwa kubva kuFig.3a ratidza iwo akanyanya kukosha emuenzaniso kwete.1 (BM), muenzaniso nhamba.3 (weld E1), muenzaniso kwete.5 (weld E2) uye muenzaniso kwete.6 (welds ine C) i878 uye 616 MPa, 732 uye 497 MPa, 687 uye 461 MPa uye 769 uye 549 MPa, zvichiteerana, uye iwo mwero wakatsauka.Kubva muonde.110 A) isampuli dzakaverengerwa 1, 2, 3, 6 uye 7, zvichiteerana, iine zvishoma zvinokurudzirwa tensile zvivakwa zvinodarika 450 MPa mukutemesa bvunzo uye 620 MPa mukutenha bvunzo yakakurudzirwa neGrocki32.The elongation of welding specimens ane electrodes E1, E2 uye C, inomiririrwa sampuli No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. maererano, inoratidza plastiki uye kuvimbika.hukama nesimbi dzepasi.Iyo yakaderera elongation yakatsanangurwa nezvinobvira welding defects kana kuumbwa kwe electrode flux (Fig. 3b).Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti BM duplex simbi isina tsvina uye majoini akakandwa ane E1, E2 uye C maelectrodes mune zvakajairika ane yakanyanya kusimba zvivakwa nekuda kweiyo yakakwira nickel yemukati (Tafura 4), asi iyi pfuma yakaonekwa mumajoini akaiswa.Isinganyanyi kushanda E2 inowanikwa kubva kune acidic kuumbwa kweiyo flux.Gunn59 yakaratidza mhedzisiro yenickel alloys pakuvandudza ma mechanic zvivakwa zve welded majoini uye kudzora chikamu kuenzana uye kugovera chinhu.Izvi zvinosimbisa zvakare chokwadi chekuti maelectrode akagadzirwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zve flux ane zvirinani zvemichina pane maelectrode akagadzirwa kubva musanganiswa weasidhi inoyerera, sezvakataurwa naBang et al.60.Nokudaro, mupiro wakakosha wakaitwa kune ruzivo rwuripo pamusoro pezvinhu zvejojo ​​yakashongedzwa ye electrode itsva yakavharidzirwa (E1) ine yakanaka tensile properties.
Pamusoro pemuonde.Mifananidzo 4a uye 4b inoratidza Vickers microhardness maitiro ekuedza samples ye welded joints of electrodes E1, E2 uye C. 4a inoratidza kuoma kwemigumisiro inowanikwa kubva kune imwe nzira yemuenzaniso (kubva kuWZ kusvika kuBM), uye mufig.4b inoratidza kuomarara kwakawanikwa pamativi ese emuenzaniso.Hukukutu hunokosha hunowanikwa panguva yewelding yemasamples Nos.Kuwedzera kwakasimba kwekuoma kwakaonekwa zvose muHAZ yakaoma-grained uye muHAZ yakaisvonaka-yakaomeswa yezviyero zvose Nos. iyo weld semhedzisiro yechromium-weld samples yakapfuma mukubuda (Cr23C6).Kuenzaniswa nemamwe maelding samples 2, 3, 4 uye 5, kuomarara kwakakosha kweakasungwa majoini emasampuli Nha. 6 uye 7 muFigs.4a uye 4b pamusoro (Tafura 2).Sekureva kwaMohammed et al.61 naNowacki naLukoje62, izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekukosha kweferrite δ uye kukonzeresa kushushikana kwakasara muweld, pamwe nekuderera kwealloying zvinhu zvakaita seMo naCr muweld.Hwaro hwekuoma kweese anoonekwa ekuyedza masampula munzvimbo yeBM anoita seanowirirana.Maitiro mumhedzisiro yekuomarara kuongororwa kwewelded specimens inopindirana nemhedzisiro yevamwe vaongorori61,63,64.
Hukukutu hwakakosha hweakasungwa majoini eiyo DSS sampuli (a) hafu-chikamu chewelded specimens uye (b) chikamu chizere chemajoini akasungwa.
Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo mu welded DSS 2205 neE1, E2 uye C electrodes zvakawanikwa uye XRD spectra ye diffraction angle 2 \ (\ theta \) inoratidzwa muFig. 5. Peaks of austenite (\ (\ gamma \) ) uye ferrite (\(\ alpha\)) zvikamu zvakaonekwa pa diffraction angles ye 43 ° uye 44 °, zvichinyatsosimbisa kuti weld yakagadzirwa maviri-phase 65 simbi isina tsvina.kuti DSS BM inoratidza chete austenitic (\(\ gamma\)) uye ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) zvikamu, zvichisimbisa microstructural migumisiro yakaratidzwa muFigure 1 uye 2. 6c, 7c uye 9c.Iyo ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) chikamu chakacherechedzwa neDSS BM uye iyo yepamusoro peak mu weld kune electrode C inoratidza kushora kwayo, sezvo chikamu ichi chine chinangwa chekuwedzera kushora kwesimbi, sezvakaita Davison naRedmond66. yakati, kuvapo kwezvinhu zvinosimbisa ferrite, senge Cr naMo, zvinonyatso kudzikamisa firimu rezvinhu munzvimbo dzine chloride.Tafura 5 inoratidza chikamu cheferrite-austenitic nehuwandu hwesimbi.Chiyero chechikamu chevhoriyamu chechikamu cheferrite-austenitic muzvikamu zvakasungirirwa zve electrode C inowanikwa inenge (≈1: 1).Iyo yakaderera ferrite (\(\ alpha\)) chikamu chekuumbwa kweweldments uchishandisa E1 uye E2 electrodes muvhoriyamu chikamu mhedzisiro (Table 5) inoratidza kunzwisisika kunobvira kune inoora nharaunda, iyo yakasimbiswa ne electrochemical kuongorora.yakasimbiswa (Fig. 10a, b)), sezvo chikamu cheferrite chinopa simba rakakwirira uye kudzivirirwa kune chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking.Izvi zvinosimbiswazve neiyo yakaderera kuomarara kukosha inocherechedzwa muwelds emagetsi E1 uye E2 mufig.4a,b, iyo inokonzerwa nechepasi chikamu cheferrite muhutano hwesimbi (Table 5).Kuvapo kweunbalanced austenitic (\(\ gamma\)) uye ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) zvikamu mumajoini akashongedzwa achishandisa E2 electrodes inoratidza kusagadzikana chaiko kwesimbi kune yunifomu corrosion attack.Kusiyana neizvi, iyo XPA spectra yemasimbi maviri-chikamu simbi dzeakasungwa majoini ane E1 uye C emagetsi, pamwe nemhedzisiro yeBM, kazhinji inoratidza kuvepo kweaustenitic uye ferritic inodzikamisa zvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakakosha mukuvaka uye petrochemical indasitiri. , nokuti akakakavadzana Jimenez et al.65;Davidson & Redmond66;Shamant nevamwe67.
Optical micrographs emajoini akasungwa eE1 electrode ane akasiyana weld geometries: (a) HAZ ichiratidza mutsara wefusion, (b) HAZ ichiratidza mutsara wekusanganisa pakukwirisa kwepamusoro, (c) BM yechikamu cheferritic-austenitic, (d) weld geometry. , (e) Inoratidza nzvimbo yeshanduko iri padyo, (f) HAZ inoratidza ferritic-austenitic phase pakukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro, (g) Weld zone inoratidza ferritic-austenitic phase Tensile phase.
Optical micrographs eE2 electrode welds pane akasiyana weld geometries: (a) HAZ ichiratidza mutsara wefusion, (b) HAZ ichiratidza mutsara wekusanganisa pakukura kwepamusoro, (c) BM yeferritic-austenitic bulk phase, (d) weld geometry , (e) ) kuratidza nzvimbo yekuchinja iri pedyo, (f) HAZ ichiratidza ferritic-austenitic phase pakukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro, (g) welding zone inoratidza ferritic-austenitic phase.
Figure 6a-c uye, semuenzaniso, inoratidza iyo metallographic chimiro cheDSS majoini akasungwa achishandisa E1 electrode pane akasiyana welding geometries (Figure 6d), zvichiratidza kwakatorwa magirografu emeso akasiyana magnification.Pamusoro pemuonde.6a, b, f - shanduko yenzvimbo dzemajoini akasungwa, achiratidza chikamu chekuenzanisa chimiro cheferrite-austenite.Mifananidzo 7a-c uye semuenzaniso inoratidzawo OM yejoint yeDSS yakasungwa uchishandisa E2 electrode pane akasiyana welding geometries (Figure 7d), inomiririra iyo OM yekuongorora mapoinzi pane akasiyana magnification.Pamusoro pemuonde.7a,b,f ratidza nharaunda yeshanduko yejoint yakasungwa muferritic-austenitic yakaenzana.OM mune welding zone (WZ) inoratidzwa mufig.1 uye fig.2. Welds for electrodes E1 uye E2 6g uye 7g, maererano.OM paBM inoratidzwa muMifananidzo 1 uye 2. Mumuonde.6c, e uye 7c, e kuratidza nyaya ye welded majoini ane electrodes E1 uye E2, zvichiteerana.Nzvimbo yechiedza ndiyo chikamu che austenite uye nzvimbo yakasviba yakasviba ndiyo ferrite phase.Phase equilibria munzvimbo inopisa-inopisa (HAZ) pedyo nemutsara wefusion yakaratidza kuumbwa kweCr2N precipitates, sezvinoratidzwa muSEM-BSE micrographs muFigs.8a,b uye yakasimbiswa mumufananidzo.9a,b.Kuvapo kweCr2N kwakacherechedzwa muchikamu cheferrite chemasampuli muFig.8a, b uye yakasimbiswa neSEM-EMF poindi yekuongorora uye EMF mutsara dhayagiramu yewelded zvikamu (Fig. 9a-b), inokonzerwa nekupisa kwekushisa kwewelding.Kutenderera kunomhanyisa kuunzwa kwechromium nenitrogen, sezvo tembiricha yakanyanya muweld ichiwedzera kupararira kwenitrogen.Migumisiro iyi inotsigira zvidzidzo naRamirez et al.68 naHerenyu et al.69 vachiratidza kuti, pasinei neine nitrogen content, Cr2N inowanzoiswa pazviyo zveferrite, miganhu yezviyo, uye α / \ (\ gamma\) miganhu, sezvakakurudzirwawo vamwe vaongorori.70.71.
(a) nzvimbo SEM-EMF kuongororwa (1, 2 uye 3) yejoini yakasungwa neE2;
Iyo yepamusoro morphology yeanomiririra samples uye iwo anowirirana EMF anoratidzwa muFig.10a–c.Pamusoro pemuonde.Mifananidzo 10a uye 10b inoratidza SEM micrographs uye yavo EMF spectra yemajoini akasungwa achishandisa maelectrodes E1 uye E2 munzvimbo yewelding, zvichiteerana, uye mufig.10c inoratidza SEM micrographs uye EMF spectra yeOM ine austenite (\(\ gamma\)) uye ferrite (\(\ alpha\)) nhanho pasina chero precipitates.Sezvinoratidzwa muEDS spectrum muFig. 10a, iyo yezana yeCr (21.69 wt.%) uye Mo (2.65 wt.%) yakaenzaniswa ne6.25 wt.% Ni inopa manzwiro ekuenzanisa kunowirirana kwechikamu cheferrite-austenitic.Microstructure ine kuderera kwakanyanya kwemukati we chromium (15.97 wt.%) uye molybdenum (1.06 wt.%) zvichienzaniswa nepamusoro ye nickel (10.08 wt.%) mu microstructure ye welded joint ye electrode E2, inoratidzwa mu fig.1. Enzanisa.EMF spectrum 10b.The acicular shape ine finer-grained austenitic structure inoonekwa muWZ inoratidzwa mufig.10b inosimbisa kuparara kunogona kuitika kwezvinhu zveferritizing (Cr uye Mo) mu weld uye kunaya kwe chromium nitride (Cr2N) - the austenitic phase.Kugoverwa kwezvikamu zvekunaya kwemvura pamwe nemiganhu ye austenitic (\(\ gamma\)) uye ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) zvikamu zveDSS welded joints inosimbisa chirevo ichi72,73,74.Izvi zvinogumawo nekushanda kwayo kwakashata, sezvo Cr inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo chinhu chikuru chekugadzira firimu inogadzirisa iyo inovandudza nzvimbo yekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwesimbi59,75 sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 10b.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti BM muSEM micrograph muFig. 10c inoratidza kusimba kwezviyo kwakasimba sezvo EDS yayo spectrum migumisiro inoratidza Cr (23.32 wt%), Mo (3.33 wt%) uye Ni (6.32 wt).%) zvinhu zvakanaka zvemakemikari.%) sechinhu chakakosha chealloying chekutarisa iyo yakaenzana microstructure yeiyo ferrite-austenitic chikamu cheiyo DSS76 chimiro.Mhedzisiro yekuumbwa kweEMF spectroscopic ongororo yemajoini akaiswa eE1 electrode inopembedza kushandiswa kwayo mukuvaka uye zvishoma zvine hukasha nharaunda, sezvo maaustenite maumbirwo uye ferrite stabilizers mune microstructure inoteerana neiyo DSS AISI 220541.72 standard ye welded joints, 77.
SEM micrographs yemajoini akasungwa, apo (a) electrode E1 yenzvimbo yewelding ine EMF spectrum, (b) electrode E2 yewelding zone ine EMF spectrum, (c) OM ine EMF spectrum.
Mukuita, zvakaonekwa kuti DSS welds inosimba mune yakazara ferritic (F-mode) modhi, ine austenite nuclei nucleating pazasi ferritic solvus tembiricha, iyo inonyanya kutsamira pane chromium kune nickel yakaenzana ratio (Creq/Nieq) (> 1.95 inoumba modhi F) Vamwe vaongorori vakaona izvi mashandiro esimbi nekuda kwesimba rakasimba rekuparadzanisa Cr naMo sezvinhu zvinogadzira ferrite muchikamu cheferrite8078,79.Zviri pachena kuti DSS 2205 BM ine huwandu hwakawanda hweCr uye Mo (inoratidza yakakwirira Creq), asi ine yakaderera Ni content pane weld neE1, E2 uye C electrodes, iyo inobatsira kune yakakwirira yeCreq / Nieq ratio.Izvi zvinoonekwa zvakare muchidzidzo chezvino, sezvakaratidzwa muTebhu 4, apo chiyero cheCreq / Nieq chakatemerwa DSS 2205 BM pamusoro pe1.95.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti welds ane electrodes E1, E2 uye C yakaoma mu austenitic-ferritic mode (AF mode), austenitic mode (A mode) uye ferritic-austenitic mode, zvichienderana, nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu (FA mode) .), sezvinoratidzwa muTable 4, zvinyorwa zveNi, Cr uye Mo muweld zvishoma, zvichiratidza kuti chiyero cheCreq / Nieq chakaderera pane cheBM.Iyo yekutanga ferrite muE2 electrode welds yaive nevermicular ferrite morphology uye yakatarwa Creq/Nieq ratio yaive 1.20 sekutsanangurwa kwaTable 4.
Pamusoro pemuonde.11a inoratidza Open Circuit Potential (OCP) inopesana nenguva yeAISI DSS 2205 chimiro chesimbi mu 3.5% NaCl mhinduro.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti ORP curve inoshanduka ichienda kune imwe yakanaka inogona, ichiratidza kutaridzika kwefirimu rinongoita pamusoro pesimbi sampuli, kudonha kwezvinogona kunoratidza corrosion yakajairika, uye inogara ichigona kuitika nekufamba kwenguva inoratidza kuumbwa kwesimbi. passive firimu nekufamba kwenguva., Nzvimbo yemuenzaniso yakagadzikana uye ine Sticky 77. Mitsara inoratidzira substrates yekuedza pasi pemamiriro akagadzikana kune ese masampuli mu electrolyte ine 3.5% NaCl mhinduro, kunze kwemuenzaniso 7 (weld joint neC-electrode), izvo zvinoratidza kusagadzikana kudiki.Kusagadzikana uku kunogona kufananidzwa nekuvapo kwekloride ions (Cl-) mumhinduro, iyo inogona kukurumidza kukurumidza kuita ngura, nekudaro ichiwedzera chiyero chekuora.Kucherechedzwa panguva yeOCP kutarisisa pasina kushandiswa kwakaratidza kuti Cl mukuita inogona kukanganisa kuramba uye kugadzikana kwe thermodynamic yemasampuli munzvimbo dzine hutsinye.Ma et al.81 uye Lotho nevamwe.5 yakasimbisa chirevo chekuti Cl- inotora basa mukumhanyisa kushatiswa kwemafirimu epamhepo pamasubstrates, zvichizopa kuti awedzere kupfeka.
Electrochemical analysis of the study samples: (a) kushanduka kweRSD zvichienderana nenguva uye (b) potentiodynamic polarization yemasampuli mu 3.5% NaCl mhinduro.
Pamusoro pemuonde.11b inopa kuongororwa kwekuenzanisa kwe potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC) ye welded joints of electrodes E1, E2 uye C pasi pesimba re 3.5% NaCl mhinduro.Welded BM samples muPPC uye 3.5% NaCl mhinduro yakaratidza kusazvibata.Tafura 5 inoratidza electrochemical analysis parameters yemasampuli akawanikwa kubva kuPPC curves, seEcorr (corrosion potential) uye Epit (pitting corrosion potential) uye kutsauka kwavo kwakabatana.Kuenzaniswa nemamwe masampuli No. )Iyo yepamusoro passivating zvimiro zveyekutanga zvichienzaniswa neyekupedzisira imhaka yechiyero cheiyo microstructural kuumbwa kwesimbi (austenitic uye ferritic phases) uye kuwanda kwealloying zvinhu.Nekuda kwekuvapo kweferrite uye austenitic phases mune microstructure, Resendea et al.82 yakatsigira hunhu hweDSS mune hukasha midhiya.Kuita kwakaderera kwemasamples akarukwa neE1 neE2 maelectrodes anogona kubatanidzwa nekuderera kwezvinhu zvikuru zvealloying, senge Cr naMo, munzvimbo yewelding (WZ), sezvo vachidzikamisa chikamu cheferrite (Cr naMo), ita senge. passivators Alloys mune austenitic chikamu chesimbi oxidized.Mhedzisiro yezvinhu izvi pakupikiswa kwegomba yakakura muchikamu che austenitic pane muchikamu cheferritic.Nechikonzero ichi, iyo ferritic chikamu inopinda passivation nekukurumidza kupfuura iyo austenitic chikamu chakabatana neyekutanga passivation dunhu repolarization curve.Zvinhu izvi zvine chekuita kwakakura paDSS pitting kuramba nekuda kwekukwirira kwavo kwegomba kuramba muchikamu cheaustenitic kana chichienzaniswa nechikamu cheferritic.Naizvozvo, kukurumidza passivation yechikamu cheferrite ndeye 81% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yechikamu che austenite.Kunyange zvazvo Cl- in solution ine simba rakaipa rakaipa pane passivating kukwanisa kwesimbi film83.Nekuda kweizvozvo, kugadzikana kweiyo passivating firimu yemuenzaniso kuchaderedzwa zvakanyanya84.Kubva Tafura.6 inoratidzawo kuti corrosion potential (Ecorr) yemajoini akakandwa neE1 electrode yakati dzikamei mukugadzirisa kana ichienzaniswa nemajoini akakandwa neE2 electrode.Izvi zvinosimbiswawo neakaderera kukosha kwekuoma kwewelds uchishandisa maelectrodes E1 uye E2 mufig.4a,b, iyo inokonzerwa nechepasi yeferrite (Table Tafura 5) uye yakaderera yekromium uye molybdenum (Tafura 4) mukugadzirwa kwesimbi yakagadzirwa.Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kushorwa kwesimbi munzvimbo inofananidzwa yegungwa kunowedzera nekudzikira kwewelding ikozvino uye kunodzikira neCr uye Mo content uye yakaderera ferrite.Chirevo ichi chinopindirana neongororo yakaitwa naSalim et al.85 pamusoro pezvinoita welding parameters senge welding current pane corrosion integrity of welded steels.Sezvo chloride inopinda musimbi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana senge capillary absorption uye diffusion, makomba (pitting corrosion) echimiro chisina kuenzana nekudzika anoumbwa.Iyo michina yakasiyana zvakanyanya nepamusoro pH mhinduro apo mapoka akapoteredzwa (OH-) anongokwezvwa nepamusoro pesimbi, achidzikamisa firimu rekuita uye kupa kumwe kudzivirira kune simbi ye25,86.Iyo yakanakisa corrosion resistance ye samples No. nhanho yepitting corrosion inonyanya kuwanikwa musimbi, yakashongedzwa neiyo DSS nzira, mune austenitic-chikamu chimiro chezvikamu.Nokudaro, makemikari emusanganiswa anoita basa rakasimba mukuora kwekuita kwejoini yakasungwa87,88.Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaonekwa kuti zvienzaniso zvakasungwa uchishandisa E1 neC maelectrodes muchidzidzo ichi airatidza kuderera kweEcorr kubva kumakona ePPC pane ayo akaiswa welded achishandisa E2 electrode kubva kuOCP curves (Table 5).Naizvozvo, nzvimbo yeanode inotanga pane yakaderera.Shanduko iyi inonyanya kukonzerwa nekudzikamiswa kwechikamu chepasisiation layer yakaumbwa pamusoro pesample uye cathodic polarization inoitika kusati kwazara kugadzikana kweOCP89 kwaitwa.Pamusoro pemuonde.12a uye b inoratidza 3D optical profiler mifananidzo yezviedzo zvakasvibiswa zvienzaniso pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emagetsi.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pitting corrosion saizi yezvienzaniso inowedzera neiyo yakaderera gomba corrosion inokwanisa inogadzirwa neiyo yakakwirira welding ikozvino ye110 A (Fig. 12b), inofananidzwa negomba corrosion size inowanikwa kune welds ine yakaderera welding ikozvino chiyero che 90 A. (Mufananidzo 12a).Izvi zvinotsigira kutaura kwaMohammed90 kuti mabhendi anotsvedza anoumbwa pamusoro peiyo sampuli kuti aparadze iyo yepamusoro passivation firimu nekuisa iyo substrate kune 3.5% NaCl mhinduro kuitira kuti chloride itange kurwisa, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvinyunguduke.
Kuongororwa kweSEM-EDS muTafura 4 inoratidza kuti PREN kukosha kwega kwega austenitic chikamu chakakwira kupfuura icho cheferrite mune ese welds uye BM.Kutanga kwegomba pane ferrite / austenite interface inomhanyisa kuparadzwa kwepasirese zvinhu layer nekuda kweinhomogeneity uye kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zviri kuitika munzvimbo idzi91.Kusiyana nechikamu che austenitic, apo pitting resistance yakaenzana (PRE) kukosha kwakakwirira, kutanga kwegomba muchikamu cheferritic kunokonzerwa nechepasi PRE kukosha (Tafura 4).Chikamu che austenite chinoratidzika kunge chine huwandu hunokosha hwe austenite stabilizer (nitrogen solubility), iyo inopa huwandu hwepamusoro hwechinhu ichi uye, naizvozvo, kupikisa kwepamusoro kune pitting92.
Pamusoro pemuonde.Mufananidzo 13 unoratidza akakosha pitting tembiricha macurves eE1, E2, uye C welds.Tichifunga kuti density iripo yakawedzera kusvika 100 µA/cm2 nekuda kwegomba panguva yebvunzo yeASTM, zviri pachena kuti iyo @110A weld ine E1 yakaratidza kushoma pitting yakakosha tembiricha ye27.5 ° C ichiteverwa neE2 @ 90A soldering inoratidza CPT ye40. °C, uye kana iri C@110A yakanyanya CPT i41°C.Mhedzisiro yakacherechedzwa iri muchibvumirano chakanaka neyakaonekwa mhedzisiro yepolarization bvunzo.
Iwo emakanika zvivakwa uye corrosion maitiro e duplex Stainless simbi welds akaongororwa pachishandiswa E1 uye E2 maelectrodes matsva.Iyo alkaline electrode (E1) uye iyo acidic electrode (E2) yakashandiswa muSMAW process yakavharwa zvakabudirira ne flux composition ine yakazara coverage ratio ye 1.7 mm uye alkaline index ye2.40 uye 0.40, zvichiteerana.Iko kugadzikana kwekupisa kwekuyerera kwakagadzirirwa uchishandisa TGA mune inert svikiro yakaongororwa.Kuvapo kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hweTiO2 (%) mumatrikisi ekuyerera kwakavandudza kubviswa kwe slag ye weldments ye electrode yakaputirwa ne acidic flux (E2) kana ichienzaniswa nemagetsi akaputirwa nebasic flux (E1).Kunyangwe iwo maviri akavharidzirwa emagetsi (E1 uye E2) ane yakanaka arc yekutanga kugona.Welding mamiriro, kunyanya kupisa kupinza, welding ikozvino uye kumhanya, inoita basa rakakosha mukuwana austenite/ferrite chikamu chechiyero cheDSS 2205 welds uye yakanakisa mechanical zvimiro zve weld.Majoini akasonwa neE1 electrode airatidza kusimba kwemhando yepamusoro (shear 0.2% YS = 497 MPa uye UTS = 732 MPa), zvichisimbisa kuti iyo basic flux coated electrode ine high basicity index kana ichienzaniswa neasidhi flux coated electrodes.Electrodes anoratidza zviri nani zvemuchina zvivakwa zvine yakaderera alkalinity.Zviri pachena kuti mumajoini akarukwa emagetsi emagetsi ane runyoro rutsva (E1 neE2) hapana kuenzana kwechikamu cheferrite-austenitic, chakaburitswa pachishandiswa OES uye SEM-EDS kuongororwa kweweld uye kuverengerwa nechikamu chevhoriyamu mu. the weld.Metallography yakasimbisa yavo SEM kudzidza.microstructures.Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuderera kwealloying zvinhu zvakadai seCr naMo uye zvinogona kusunungurwa kweCr2N panguva yekuputika, iyo inosimbiswa ne EDS line scanning.Izvi zvinotsigirwa zvakare neiyo yakaderera kuomarara kukosha inocherechedzwa mumawelds ane E1 uye E2 maelectrodes nekuda kwekuderera kwavo chikamu cheferrite uye alloying zvinhu muchimiro chesimbi.Iyo Evidence Corrosion Potential (Ecorr) yemawelds uchishandisa E1 electrode yakaratidza kuti isingaite zvishoma pakugadzirisa ngura kana ichienzaniswa nemawelds uchishandisa E2 electrode.Izvi zvinosimbisa kushanda kwemagetsi achangobva kugadzirwa mumawelds akaedzwa mu3.5% NaCl nharaunda isina flux musanganiswa alloy kuumbwa.Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kushorwa kwecorrosion munzvimbo inofananidzwa yegungwa kunowedzera nekudzikira kwewelding ikozvino.Nokudaro, kunaya kwecarbides uye nitrides uye kuderera kwakatevera mukuramba kwekuora kwemajoini ane welded uchishandisa E1 uye E2 electrodes yakatsanangurwa nekuwedzera welding ikozvino, izvo zvakakonzera kusaenzana muchikamu chechikamu chezvibatanidza zvakabatanidzwa kubva kune mbiri-chinangwa simbi.
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